What is meant by 'encapsulation' in object-oriented programming?

• A. Storing data in separate arrays
• B. Creating multiple classes in a single file
• C. Bundling data and methods within a single unit
• D. Writing code without using functions

Answer: (C)

Encapsulation in object-oriented programming refers to the practice of bundling data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on that data within a single unit, typically a class. This approach serves several key purposes: it helps to keep the data safe from outside interference and misuse, promotes modularity by encapsulating related functionalities, and makes the code easier to maintain and understand.

By encapsulating data and methods within a class, developers can control access to the data through public or private access modifiers, ensuring that the internal representation of an object is hidden from the outside. This control leads to better data integrity and security as objects can only be interacted with through well-defined interfaces (methods) that dictate how the object's data can be accessed or modified.

In contrast, storing data in separate arrays does not provide the same level of protection or organization as encapsulation within a class. Creating multiple classes in a single file is more about the structure of the code rather than the principle of hiding and protecting data. Writing code without using functions generally indicates a lack of modularity and organization, undermining the benefits that encapsulation brings to programming.

Thus, encapsulation as defined by bundling data and methods within a single unit reflects fundamental principles of object-oriented programming and contributes